AB-FUBINACA
| Summary sheet: AB-FUBINACA |
| AB-FUBINACA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Nomenclature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common names | Ab-fubi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substitutive name | AB-FUBINACA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systematic name | N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class Membership | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychoactive class | Cannabinoid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical class | Indazolecarboxamide | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Routes of Administration | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interactions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2C-T-x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2C-x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5-MeO-xxT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amphetamines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| aMT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cocaine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DMT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DOx | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LSD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mescaline | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mushrooms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 25x-NBOMe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lithium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AB-FUBINACA is a novel synthetic cannabinoid compound. Members of this group produce cannabis-like effects when administered.
AB-FUBINACA was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication,[1] but was not pursued for human use. Subsequently in 2012, it was discovered as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan[2] along with a related compound AB-PINACA which had not previously been reported.
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick onset of effects and rapid offset. AB-FUBINACA is orally active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other cannabinoids, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in ethanol and lipids.
Unlike cannabis, the chronic abuse of synthetic cannabinoids has been associated with multiple deaths and more dangerous side effects and higher toxicity. It is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in high doses.
Chemistry
AB-FUBINACA, or N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, is a synthetic indazolecarboxamide drug as it contains a substituted indazole core. A 4-substituted fluorophenyl group is bound to this indazole core through a methyl group at R1 of the indazole. This indazole is substituted at R3 with a carboxamide group. The terminal amine of this carboxamide is bonded to a substituted propyl chain with an aminocarbonyl group at R1 and a methyl group at R2.
Pharmacology
Although this substance has not been formally studied, from analysis of the structure, it is presumed that AB-FUBINACA has a similar binding profile to that of other cannabinoids and matches many of the in vivo properties of Δ9-THC. AB-FUBINACA exhibits its range of effects via full agonism of both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high experience continues to remain elusive.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects 
-
- Sedation - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are primarily sedating. This encourages one to relax, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. This can be suppressed by simply forcing oneself to engage in physical activities.
- Spontaneous physical sensations - The "body high" of AB-FUBINACA may be described as a warm, soft, pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. At high doses, this can become uncomfortably intense.
- Motor control loss - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
- Appetite enhancement - As with many other cannabinoids, AB-FUBINACA causes an increase in appetite[3], known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.[4] This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.[4]
- Changes in felt gravity - AB-FUBINACA can cause vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable.
- Perception of bodily heaviness or Perception of bodily lightness
- Dehydration
- Dry mouth
- Nausea
Visual effects 
Cognitive effects 
-
- Anxiety
- Paranoia - All cannabinoids are capable of inducing paranoia at high doses or with chronic administration.
- Thought connectivity
- Thought deceleration
- Conceptual thinking
- Analysis suppression
- Dream suppression
- Immersion enhancement
- Psychosis - The prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids may increase one's disposition to psychosis[5], particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).[6][7][8]
- Personal meaning enhancement
- Increased music appreciation
Auditory effects 
Experience reports
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:
Toxicity and harm potential
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational AB-FUBINACA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because AB-FUBINACA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried AB-FUBINACA within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of anxiety or to fall asleep.
It is worth noting that this compound has been linked to multiple hospitalizations and deaths due to its use.[9][10]
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase one's current state of mind and emotions. Also, like THC, prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis[5], particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).[6][7][8]
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a typical dose), it is important to use proper precautions when dosing to avoid a negative experience.
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.
Tolerance and addiction potential
As with other synthetic cannabinoids, the chronic use of AB-FUBINACA can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of AB-FUBINACA develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). AB-FUBINACA presents cross-tolerance with all cannabinoids, meaning that after the consumption of AB-FUBINACA all cannabinoids will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
- 2C-T-x
- 2C-x
- 5-MeO-xxT
- Amphetamines - Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences
- aMT
- Cocaine - Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences
- DMT
- DOx
- Lithium - Lithium is commonly prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, there is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with cannabinoids can significantly increase the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination should be strictly avoided.
- LSD
- Mescaline
- Mushrooms
- 25x-NBOMe
Legal status
Internationally, AB-FUBINACA was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II controlled substance in March 2020.[11][12]
- China: As of October 2015 AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance in China.[13]
- Germany: AB-FUBINACA is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule II)[14] as of December 13, 2014.[15] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[16]
- Latvia: AB-FUBINACA is a Schedule I drug.[17]
- Poland: AB-FUBINACA is under the II-P group as of March 11, 2021.[18] It is illegal to own, possess, and sell in Poland.[19]
- Switzerland: AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[20]
- United Kingdom: AB-FUBINACA is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. [21]
- United States: In January 2014, AB-FUBINACA was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.[22]
See also
External links
Discussion
References
- ↑ Howlett, A. C. (August 2002). "The cannabinoid receptors". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 68–69: 619–631. doi:10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00060-6. ISSN 1098-8823.
- ↑ Uchiyama, N., Matsuda, S., Wakana, D., Kikura-Hanajiri, R., Goda, Y. (January 2013). "New cannabimimetic indazole derivatives, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA) identified as designer drugs in illegal products". Forensic Toxicology. 31 (1): 93–100. doi:10.1007/s11419-012-0171-4. ISSN 1860-8965.
- ↑ Mechoulam, R., ed. (1986). Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849357725.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 How Marijuana Works, 2001
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Witton, J., Murray, R. M. (February 2004). "Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 184 (2): 110–117. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.2.110. ISSN 0007-1250.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Every-Palmer, S. (September 2011). "Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 117 (2–3): 152–157. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012. ISSN 0376-8716.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schneir, A. B., Cullen, J., Ly, B. T. (1 March 2011). ""Spice" Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 40 (3): 296–299. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014. ISSN 0736-4679.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vearrier, D., Osterhoudt, K. C. (June 2010). "A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed". Pediatric Emergency Care. 26 (6): 462–465. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416. ISSN 0749-5161.
- ↑ Trecki, J., Gerona, R. R., Schwartz, M. D. (9 July 2015). "Synthetic Cannabinoid–Related Illnesses and Deaths". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (2): 103–107. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1505328. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Klavž, J., Gorenjak, M., Marinšek, M. (August 2016). "Suicide attempt with a mix of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC". Forensic Science International. 265: 121–124. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.018. ISSN 0379-0738.
- ↑ "WHO: World Health Organization recommends 12 NPS for scheduling". December 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
- ↑ "CND accepts all WHO recommendations on the control of several psychoactive substances from the 42nd ECDD meeting". World Health Organization (WHO). March 18, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
- ↑ 关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html
- ↑ "Anlage II BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
- ↑ "Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2014 Teil I Nr. 57 (in German). Bundesanzeiger Verlag. December 12, 2014. pp. 1999–2002. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ↑ "§ 29 BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ↑ Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem
- ↑ "Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 11 marca 2021 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych". DZIENNIK USTAW 2021 R. POZ. 518 (in Polish). 2021-03-22.
- ↑ "Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 11 marca 2021 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych" (PDF). DZIENNIK USTAW 2021 R. POZ. 518 (in Polish). 2021-03-22.
- ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016
- ↑ Behonick, G., Shanks, K. G., Firchau, D. J., Mathur, G., Lynch, C. F., Nashelsky, M., Jaskierny, D. J., Meroueh, C. (October 2014). "Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 38 (8): 559–562. doi:10.1093/jat/bku048. ISSN 1945-2403.