Amnesia
Amnesia is defined as a global impairment in the ability to acquire new memories regardless of sensory modality, and a loss of some memories, especially recent ones, from the period before amnesia began.[1] During states of amnesia a person will usually retain functional perceptual abilities and short-term memory which can still be used to recall events that recently occurred; this effect is distinct from the memory impairment produced by sedation.[2] As such, a person experiencing amnesia may not obviously appear to be doing so, as they can often carry on normal conversations and perform complex tasks.
This state of mind is commonly referred to as a "blackout", an experience that can be divided into 2 formal categories: "fragmentary" blackouts and "en bloc" blackouts.[3] Fragmentary blackouts, sometimes known as "brownouts", are characterized by having the ability to recall specific events from an intoxicated period but remaining unaware that certain memories are missing until reminded of the existence of those gaps in memory. Studies suggest that fragmentary blackouts are far more common than "en bloc" blackouts.[4] In comparison, En bloc blackouts are characterized by a complete inability to later recall any memories from an intoxicated period, even when prompted. It is usually difficult to determine the point at which this type of blackout has ended as sleep typically occurs before this happens.[5]
Amnesia is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as disinhibition, sedation, and memory suppression. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of GABAergic depressants, such as alcohol,[6] benzodiazepines,[7] GHB,[8] and zolpidem[9]. However, it can also occur to a much lesser extent under the influence of extremely heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds such as psychedelics, dissociatives, Salvia divinorum, and deliriants.
Psychoactive substances
Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:
- 1,4-Butanediol
- 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine
- 25B-NBOH
- 25C-NBOH
- 25C-NBOMe
- 25D-NBOMe
- 25I-NBOH
- 25I-NBOMe
- 25N-NBOMe
- 2M2B
- 3-Cl-PCP
- 3-HO-PCE
- 3-HO-PCP
- 3-MeO-PCE
- 3-MeO-PCMo
- 3-MeO-PCP
- 4-MeO-PCP
- 5-MeO-DMT
- Alcohol
- Alprazolam
- Amanita muscaria
- Baclofen
- Barbiturates
- Bromazepam
- Bromazolam
- Bufotenin
- Carisoprodol
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Clonazepam
- Clonazolam
- Datura
- Deschloroetizolam
- Deschloroketamine
- Dextromethorphan
- Diazepam
- Diclazepam
- Diphenhydramine
- Diphenidine
- ETH-LAD
- Ephenidine
- Etizolam
- F-Phenibut
- Flubromazepam
- Flubromazolam
- Flunitrazepam
- Flunitrazolam
- GBL
- GHB
- Gabapentin
- HXE
Experience reports
Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:
- Experience: 660ug LSD - First bad trip
- Experience:110mg Diphenidine (vaporized) + 354mg DXM - instant ego death
- Experience:120µg LSD - First Bad Acid Trip, Psychosis
- Experience:225mg Pregabalin +Cannabis -Bliss and Serenity; a hedonistic evening
- Experience:2C-P (approx. 35mg) - Asymmetrical Terror and the Geometric Sea
- Experience:2mg 25C-NBOMe - Experimental trip to test personal limits of NBOMes
- Experience:2mg Etizolam - Here be dragons
- Experience:3-MeO-PCP, LSD, Clonazolam, and Amphetamine - Excessive Amounts and Excessive Confusion
- Experience:3mg Etizolam - A Comedown Drug
- Experience:40mg Zolpidem / 20mg Diazepam - Please Don't Do This
- Experience:60mg Zolpidem - A Delirious Adventure
- Experience:A combination of tramadol, clonazepam, gabapentin, and dimenhydrinate
- Experience:Alprazolam (24 mg) - Into the Void
- Experience:Clonazolam + 2-methyl-AP-237 (unknown dosage) - Cardiac arrest
- Experience:DXM and Cannabis: 100mg - Unexpected Strong Trip
- Experience:Unknown Dose DOC (Insufflated) - Overdosing and Terifying Ego Death
- Experience:Zopiclone hppd?
See also
- Responsible use
- Subjective effects index
- Memory enhancement
- Dissociatives - Subjective effects
- Deliriants - Subjective effects
- Psychedelics - Subjective effects
External links
References
- ↑ Squire, L. R.; Zola, S. M. (1997). "Amnesia, memory and brain systems". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 352 (1362): 1663–1673. doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0148. ISSN 0962-8436.
- ↑ Veselis, R. A., Reinsel, R. A., Feshchenko, V. A. (1 October 2001). "Drug-induced Amnesia Is a Separate Phenomenon from Sedation". Anesthesiology. 95 (4): 896–907. doi:10.1097/00000542-200110000-00018. ISSN 0003-3022.
- ↑ Hartzler, Bryan; Fromme, Kim (2003). "Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 64 (4): 547–550. doi:10.15288/jsa.2003.64.547. ISSN 0096-882X.
- ↑ White, A. M., Signer, M. L., Kraus, C. L., Swartzwelder, H. S. (1 January 2004). "Experiential Aspects of Alcohol‐Induced Blackouts Among College Students". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 30 (1): 205–224. doi:10.1081/ADA-120029874.
- ↑ Goodwin, Donald W.; Crane, J. Bruce; Guze, Samuel B. (1969). "Alcoholic "Blackouts": A Review and Clinical Study of 100 Alcoholics". American Journal of Psychiatry. 126 (2): 191–198. doi:10.1176/ajp.126.2.191. ISSN 0002-953X.
- ↑ Lee, Hamin; Roh, Sungwon; Kim, Dai Jin (2009). "Alcohol-Induced Blackout". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (11): 2783–2792. doi:10.3390/ijerph6112783. ISSN 1660-4601.
- ↑ Mejo, S. L. (October 1992). "Anterograde Amnesia Linked to Benzodiazepines:". The Nurse Practitioner. 17 (10): 44–50. doi:10.1097/00006205-199210000-00013. ISSN 0361-1817.
- ↑ Barker, Judith C.; Harris, Shana L.; Dyer, Jo E. (2007). "Experiences of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Ingestion: A Focus Group Study". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 39 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1080/02791072.2007.10399870. ISSN 0279-1072.
- ↑ Canaday, B. R. (August 1996). "Amnesia possibly associated with zolpidem administration". Pharmacotherapy. 16 (4): 687–689. ISSN 0277-0008.