List of entheogens

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This page outlines various hallucinogens (deliriants, dissociatives, and psychedelics) employed in ritual contexts, adhering to the strict definition of entheogens. Historically, entheogens have played pivotal roles in religious practices, ranging from the use of ayahuasca in religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal to the modern adoption of the synthetic phenetylamine 2C-B by the Sangoma.

Animal

Common name Specie Specie, phytochemical(s) Substance effect class Regions/Cultures of use
Bufotoxins Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius) Secretion: More research is needed to determine if this specie releases Bufadienolides, which are cardiac glycosides (e.g., bufotalin, bufogenin). Tryptamine-related substances: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin Psychedelic Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.[1] Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
Bullet ant venom Paraponera clavata Secretion: Poneratoxin Deliriant The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.[2]

Mushroom

Common name Specie Specie, phytochemical(s) Substance effect class Regions/Cultures of use
Dictyonema huaorani Dictyonema huaorani 5-MeO-DMT, DMT, psilocybin Psychedelic Confirmed used by shamans.[3] Decoction of this lichen has been used by people in Iceland.[4]
Fly agaric Amanita muscaria Muscimol, ibotenic acid Depressant, and dissociative Siberian shamans.[5] Scandinavia. The Soma drink of India.
Panther cap Amanita pantherina Muscimol, ibotenic acid Depressant, and dissociative
Psilocybin mushroom Psilocybe spp. (etc) Psilocybin and psilocin;
baeocystin and norbaeocystin (some species) 		Psychedelic Mazatec[6]

Plant

Common name Specie Specie, phytochemical(s) Substance effect class Regions/Cultures of use
Angel's trumpet Brugmansia spp. Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids Deliriant South America,[7] sometimes used as part of ayahuasca.
Ayahuasca Banisteriopsis caapi Bark: Harmine 0.31-0.84%,[8] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,[9] 5-MeO-DMT[10] Psychedelic South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States.
Bolivian torch cactus Echinopsis lageniformis Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic South America
Cannabis (marijuana, hashish, kief) Cannabis spp. Flower: Cannabinoids (THC, and CBD) Psychedelic Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups.
Chacruna Psychotria viridis Leaf: DMT Psychedelic UDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca.
Chaliponga Diplopterys cabrerana Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT Psychedelic Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca.
Chili pepper Capsicum spp. Fruit: Capsaicin Deliriant "While the Inca may have recognized chili’s potent spiritual medicine, they weren’t the only culture to do so. Chilies were mixed with tobacco and other plants by shamans and medicine people in pre-Columbian Central America to aid in journeys to the upper and lower worlds on behalf of mankind."[11]
Christmas vine Turbina corymbosa Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids[12] Psychedelic Mazatec[13]
Harmal (espand) Peganum harmala Seed: Harmaline and other harmala alkaloids Psychedelic Iran and the Middle East.
Hawaiian baby woodrose Argyreia nervosa Seed: 0.325% ergoline derivatives of dry weight.[14] Psychedelic Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.[15]
Henbane Hyoscyamus niger Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids Deliriant Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
Iboga Tabernanthe iboga Root bark: Ibogaine[16] Psychedelic Bwiti] religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
Jimson weed Datura stramonium Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids[17] Deliriant Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.[18][19][20] It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
Jurema Mimosa tenuiflora syn. Mimosa hostilis Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT[21] and yuremamine Psychedelic Used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.[22]
Labrador tea Rhododendron spp. Leaf: Ledol, some grayanotoxins Deliriant Caucasian peasants used Rhododendron plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.[23]
Mad honey Rhododendron ponticum Nectar: Grayanotoxins Deliriant In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.[24][25]
Mexican morning glory Ipomoea tricolor Seed: Ergoline derivatives[26] (LSA disputed) Psychedelic Zapotecs[27]
Beach moonflower Ipomoea violacea Seed: Ergoline derivatives[28] (LSA disputed) Psychedelic Mazatec[13]
Myristica sebifera Virola sebifera Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT Psychedelic The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.[21]
Nyakwána Virola elongata Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT Psychedelic The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an entheogen known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of 5-MeO-DMT and DMT.[29]
Peruvian torch cactus Echinopsis peruviana Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
Peyote Lophophora williamsii Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic Native American Church is known as peyotism.[30][31] Alsu used in the Oshara Tradition.
Salvia Salvia divinorum Leaf: Salvinorin A and other salvinorins Psychedelic Mazatec[32]
San Pedro cactus Echinopsis pachanoi Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic South America
Vilca Anadenanthera colubrina Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.[33] DMT Psychedelic There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name hatáj.[34]
Yopo Anadenanthera peregrina Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% bufotenin.[35] DMT Psychedelic Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.[36]

Chemicals

Many modern chemicals with little human history have been recognized to be able to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like 4-AcO-DMT are prodrugs that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens.

While synthetic DMT and mescaline are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated THC produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol.

Substance IUPAC name Substance effect class Notes
2C-B 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine Psychedelic 2C-B is used as entheogen by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".[37][38][39]
5-MeO-DMT 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine Psychedelic See species
Bufotenin 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol Psychedelic See species
DMT 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine Psychedelic See species
DPT N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine Psychedelic DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.[40]
Harmaline 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole Psychedelic See Peganum harmala
Ibogaine 12-Methoxyibogamine Psychedelic See Tabernanthe iboga
LSA (8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide Psychedelic See species
LSD (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide Psychedelic Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church.
Muscimol 5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol Deliriant See Amanita spp.
Psilocybin [3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate Psychedelic (See also Psilocybe spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The Mazatec curandera María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic psilocybin named Indocybin synthesized by Albert Hofmann.[41]
Salvinorin A methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylate Psychedelic See Salvia divinorum

References

  1. ↑ "BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence". Alberto José Varela. 
  2. ↑ Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008). "Bitten by the Amazon". London: The Sunday Times. Retrieved 13 July 2013. 
  3. ↑ (PDF) https://psilosybiini.info/paperit/Dictyonema%20huaorani%20(Agaricales%3B%20Hygrophoraceae),%20a%20new%20lichenized%20basidiomycete%20from%20Amazonian%20Ecuador%20with%20presumed%20hallucinogenic%20properties%20(Schmull%20et%20al.,%202014).pdf.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ "Psychedelic Lichen - Psychedelic Press UK". Psychedelic Press UK. 3 December 2012. 
  5. ↑ Nyberg, H. (1992). "Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures". Karstenia. 32 (71–80). 
  6. ↑ Wasson RG. (1980). The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-068443-0. 
  7. ↑ Harner, Michael (1980). The Way of the Shaman. New York: Harper & Row. 
  8. ↑ Callaway, JC; Brito, GS; Neves, ES (2005). "Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 37 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795. PMID 16149327. 
  9. ↑ Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  10. ↑ "Chemical Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
  11. ↑ "Magical and Historical Uses for Chili Pepper and Cayenne". The Practical Herbalist. 3 November 2015. 
  12. ↑ "Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html
  14. ↑ Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH (1973). "Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer". J. Pharm. Sci. 62 (4): 588–91. doi:10.1002/jps.2600620409. 
  15. ↑ "Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge". www.entheology.org. 
  16. ↑ "Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE". Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  17. ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov (in English). 
  18. ↑ Biaggioni, Italo et al. (2011). Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-12-386525-0. 
  19. ↑ Pennachio, Marcello et al. (2010). Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-19-537001-0. 
  20. ↑ Davis, Wade (1997). The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic. Simon & Schuster. p. Template:Page needed. ISBN 978-0-684-83929-5. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. Aarau: AT-Verl. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-85502-570-1.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rätsch" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ "Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org. 
  23. ↑ Andrews, Steve; Rindsberg, Katrina (April 2001). Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere (in English). Loompanics Unlimited. ASIN 1559502118. ISBN 9781559502115. OCLC 780276732. 
  24. ↑ Treza, Raphael (2011). "Hallucinogen honey hunters". topdocumentaryfilms.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015. 
  25. ↑ Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L., Kappen, I. F., Stary-Weinzinger, A., & van der Heyden, M. A. (2012). Grayanotoxin Poisoning:‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 12(3), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2
  26. ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov (in English). 
  27. ↑ Carod-Artal, FJ (2015). "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures". Neurologia. 30 (1): 42–9. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003. PMID 21893367. 
  28. ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov (in English). 
  29. ↑ Agurell, S; Holmstedt, B; Lindgren, JE; Schultes, RE (1969). "Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 23 (3): 903–16. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903. PMID 5806312. 
  30. ↑ Catherine Beyer. "Peyote and the Native American Church". About.com Religion & Spirituality. Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
  31. ↑ http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/jms089/Z-Unpublished%20Work/Shields-Christ%20&%20Cactus.pdf
  32. ↑ Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p. 287.
  33. ↑ Ott J (2001). "Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine". J Psychoactive Drugs. 33 (3): 273–81. doi:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574. PMID 11718320. 
  34. ↑ Ott, Jonathan (2001). Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines. EthnoBotanica. p. 90. ISBN 1-888755-02-4. 
  35. ↑ Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001
  36. ↑ Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)". Latin American Antiquity. 21 (4): 441–450. 
  37. ↑ "2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers". Tacethno.com. 2008-03-27. Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  38. ↑ The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B Erowid
  39. ↑ Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org
  40. ↑ "Temple of the true inner light". psychede.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-03-31. 
  41. ↑ "Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A". Sagewisdom.org. Retrieved 2013-01-13. 

External links


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